History, 1603-1688
Between 1603 and 1688, Scotland experienced intense religious and political stress, with the monarchy departing for England, Episcopacy challenging Presbyterianism, and local defying the new British autocracy. Civil war between 1639 and 1649 was followed by Cromwellian absolutism, restoration of monarchy in 1660, renewed Covenanter activity, and in 1688, the exile of James VII and II to France.
